Exhaustive Machine Learning Taxonomy - All Fields & Subfields

Mathematical Foundations

Linear Algebra & Matrix Operations

• linear-algebra
• matrix-multiplication / matmul
• matrix-factorization
• svd (Singular Value Decomposition)
• eigendecomposition
• qr-decomposition
• cholesky-decomposition
• sparse-matrices
• low-rank-approximation
• tensor-operations
• tensor-decomposition
• kronecker-products
• matrix-inversion
• pseudoinverse
• condition-numbers

Calculus & Analysis

• calculus
• automatic-differentiation
• backpropagation
• gradient-computation
• jacobian-matrices
• hessian-matrices
• chain-rule
• numerical-differentiation
• symbolic-differentiation
• functional-analysis
• measure-theory
• real-analysis
• complex-analysis

Probability & Statistics

• probability-theory
• bayesian-statistics
• frequentist-statistics
• random-variables
• probability-distributions
• gaussian-processes
• markov-chains
• mcmc (Markov Chain Monte Carlo)
• variational-inference
• expectation-maximization
• maximum-likelihood
• maximum-a-posteriori
• hypothesis-testing
• confidence-intervals
• bootstrap-methods
• concentration-inequalities
• central-limit-theorem
• law-of-large-numbers

Optimization Theory

• optimization-theory
• convex-optimization
• non-convex-optimization
• constrained-optimization
• unconstrained-optimization
• lagrange-multipliers
• kkt-conditions
• duality-theory
• gradient-methods
• newton-methods
• quasi-newton-methods
• trust-region-methods
• line-search
• conjugate-gradient
• interior-point-methods
• penalty-methods
• barrier-methods
• subgradient-methods
• proximal-methods
• coordinate-descent
• stochastic-optimization
• online-optimization
• multi-objective-optimization
• global-optimization
• discrete-optimization
• combinatorial-optimization

Information Theory

• information-theory
• entropy
• mutual-information
• kl-divergence
• cross-entropy
• channel-capacity
• coding-theory
• compression
• rate-distortion-theory
• minimum-description-length

Graph Theory

• graph-theory
• spectral-graph-theory
• graph-algorithms
• graph-connectivity
• graph-matching
• graph-coloring
• shortest-paths
• minimum-spanning-trees
• network-flows
• graph-isomorphism

Computer Science Foundations

Algorithms & Data Structures

• algorithms
• data-structures
• sorting-algorithms
• search-algorithms
• dynamic-programming
• greedy-algorithms
• divide-and-conquer
• graph-algorithms
• string-algorithms
• geometric-algorithms
• approximation-algorithms
• randomized-algorithms
• streaming-algorithms
• online-algorithms
• parallel-algorithms
• distributed-algorithms

Computational Complexity

• computational-complexity
• time-complexity
• space-complexity
• p-vs-np
• np-completeness
• approximation-complexity
• parameterized-complexity
• fine-grained-complexity
• communication-complexity
• query-complexity

Systems & Architecture

• computer-architecture
• cpu-architecture
• gpu-architecture
• memory-hierarchy
• cache-optimization
• parallel-computing
• distributed-computing
• high-performance-computing
• cluster-computing
• cloud-computing
• edge-computing

Low-Level Optimization & Systems

Numerical Computing

• numerical-methods
• numerical-stability
• floating-point-arithmetic
• fixed-point-arithmetic
• numerical-linear-algebra
• iterative-methods
• direct-methods
• condition-numbers
• error-analysis
• round-off-errors

Hardware Acceleration

• gpu-computing
• cuda
• opencl
• tpu
• fpga
• asic
• neuromorphic-computing
• quantum-computing
• optical-computing
• analog-computing

Memory & Storage

• memory-optimization
• cache-efficiency
• memory-bandwidth
• memory-latency
• storage-systems
• distributed-storage
• data-locality
• memory-mapping
• virtual-memory

Parallel Computing

• parallel-programming
• thread-parallelism
• data-parallelism
• model-parallelism
• pipeline-parallelism
• task-parallelism
• simd (Single Instruction Multiple Data)
• mimd (Multiple Instruction Multiple Data)
• openmp
• mpi (Message Passing Interface)
• lock-free-programming
• synchronization
• load-balancing

Compiler Optimization

• compiler-optimization
• loop-optimization
• vectorization
• auto-vectorization
• loop-unrolling
• loop-fusion
• loop-tiling
• instruction-scheduling
• register-allocation
• dead-code-elimination
• constant-folding
• common-subexpression-elimination

Machine Learning Theory

Learning Theory

• learning-theory
• pac-learning
• vc-dimension
• rademacher-complexity
• generalization-bounds
• sample-complexity
• uniform-convergence
• empirical-risk-minimization
• structural-risk-minimization
• bias-variance-tradeoff
• no-free-lunch-theorem
• online-learning-theory
• regret-bounds
• bandit-theory

Statistical Learning

• statistical-learning-theory
• consistency
• convergence-rates
• minimax-theory
• adaptive-estimation
• non-parametric-statistics
• kernel-methods
• reproducing-kernel-hilbert-spaces
• feature-spaces

Information-Theoretic Learning

• information-bottleneck
• mutual-information-neural-estimation
• representation-learning-theory
• disentanglement-theory
• causal-representation-learning

Classical Machine Learning

Supervised Learning

• supervised-learning
• classification
• regression
• multi-class-classification
• multi-label-classification
• ordinal-regression
• ranking
• structured-prediction

Unsupervised Learning

• unsupervised-learning
• clustering
• k-means
• hierarchical-clustering
• density-based-clustering
• spectral-clustering
• gaussian-mixture-models
• dimensionality-reduction
• principal-component-analysis
• independent-component-analysis
• factor-analysis
• manifold-learning
• t-sne
• umap
• isomap
• locally-linear-embedding

Semi-Supervised Learning

• semi-supervised-learning
• pseudo-labeling
• co-training
• self-training
• label-propagation
• transductive-learning

Reinforcement Learning

• reinforcement-learning
• markov-decision-processes
• dynamic-programming
• value-iteration
• policy-iteration
• temporal-difference-learning
• q-learning
• sarsa
• actor-critic
• policy-gradient
• trust-region-policy-optimization
• proximal-policy-optimization
• deep-q-networks
• double-dqn
• dueling-dqn
• rainbow-dqn
• multi-agent-reinforcement-learning
• hierarchical-reinforcement-learning
• inverse-reinforcement-learning
• imitation-learning
• behavioral-cloning
• model-based-rl
• model-free-rl
• off-policy-learning
• on-policy-learning
• exploration-exploitation
• bandits
• contextual-bandits
• multi-armed-bandits

Ensemble Methods

• ensemble-methods
• bagging
• boosting
• adaboost
• gradient-boosting
• xgboost
• random-forests
• extra-trees
• stacking
• voting-classifiers

Deep Learning Architectures

Fundamental Architectures

• neural-networks
• multilayer-perceptrons
• feedforward-networks
• recurrent-neural-networks
• lstm
• gru
• convolutional-neural-networks
• pooling-layers
• batch-normalization
• layer-normalization
• group-normalization
• instance-normalization
• dropout
• residual-connections
• skip-connections
• dense-connections
• highway-networks

Attention Mechanisms

• attention-mechanisms
• self-attention
• cross-attention
• multi-head-attention
• scaled-dot-product-attention
• additive-attention
• location-based-attention
• content-based-attention
• sparse-attention
• linear-attention
• efficient-attention
• local-attention
• global-attention

Transformer Architectures

• transformer
• encoder-decoder-architecture
• positional-encoding
• sinusoidal-positional-encoding
• learned-positional-encoding
• relative-positional-encoding
• rotary-positional-encoding
• bert
• gpt
• t5
• bart
• electra
• roberta
• deberta
• reformer
• linformer
• performer
• longformer
• big-bird

Generative Models

• generative-models
• variational-autoencoders
• beta-vae
• wae (Wasserstein Autoencoder)
• adversarial-autoencoders
• generative-adversarial-networks
• dcgan
• wgan
• wgan-gp
• stylegan
• cyclegan
• pix2pix
• biggan
• progressive-gan
• conditional-gan
• infogan
• energy-based-models
• restricted-boltzmann-machines
• deep-belief-networks
• normalizing-flows
• real-nvp
• glow
• coupling-layers
• autoregressive-flows
• neural-spline-flows

Diffusion Models

• diffusion-models
• denoising-diffusion-probabilistic-models
• denoising-diffusion-implicit-models
• score-based-generative-models
• noise-conditional-score-networks
• stochastic-differential-equations
• reverse-time-sde
• forward-process
• reverse-process
• noise-scheduling
• variance-scheduling
• ddim-sampling
• dpm-solver
• ancestral-sampling
• euler-sampling
• heun-sampling
• latent-diffusion-models
• stable-diffusion
• imagen
• dall-e-2
• consistency-models
• progressive-distillation
• classifier-guidance
• classifier-free-guidance
• guided-diffusion

Autoregressive Models

• autoregressive-models
• language-models
• causal-language-models
• masked-language-models
• prefix-lm
• glm
• pixelcnn
• pixelrnn
• wavenet
• transformer-xl
• gpt-1
• gpt-2
• gpt-3
• gpt-4
• palm
• chinchilla
• flamingo
• claude
• llama
• alpaca

State Space Models

• state-space-models
• mamba
• s4 (Structured State Spaces)
• s5
• hippo
• lssl (Linear State Space Layers)
• liquid-time-constants
• neural-odes
• continuous-time-models

Memory Networks

• memory-networks
• neural-turing-machines
• differentiable-neural-computers
• memory-augmented-networks
• external-memory
• content-addressing
• location-addressing
• working-memory

Graph Neural Networks

• graph-neural-networks
• graph-convolutional-networks
• graph-attention-networks
• graphsage
• gin (Graph Isomorphism Networks)
• message-passing
• node-classification
• link-prediction
• graph-classification
• graph-generation
• graph-autoencoders

Specialized Architectures

• capsule-networks
• self-organizing-maps
• hopfield-networks
• echo-state-networks
• reservoir-computing
• spiking-neural-networks
• neuromorphic-networks
• quantum-neural-networks

Training Methods & Optimization

Optimization Algorithms

• gradient-descent
• stochastic-gradient-descent
• mini-batch-gradient-descent
• momentum
• nesterov-momentum
• adagrad
• rmsprop
• adam
• adamw
• nadam
• adadelta
• adamax
• lookahead-optimizer
• ranger
• lamb
• novograd
• adafactor
• shampoo
• k-fac
• natural-gradients
• second-order-methods
• l-bfgs
• conjugate-gradient-optimization

Learning Rate Scheduling

• learning-rate-scheduling
• step-decay
• exponential-decay
• polynomial-decay
• cosine-annealing
• warm-restarts
• cyclical-learning-rates
• one-cycle-policy
• linear-warmup
• adaptive-learning-rates

Regularization Techniques

• regularization
• l1-regularization
• l2-regularization
• elastic-net
• dropout
• dropconnect
• batch-normalization
• spectral-normalization
• weight-decay
• early-stopping
• data-augmentation
• mixup
• cutmix
• cutout
• autoaugment
• randaugment
• adversarial-training
• label-smoothing

Advanced Training Techniques

• curriculum-learning
• self-paced-learning
• hard-example-mining
• focal-loss
• class-balancing
• cost-sensitive-learning
• meta-learning
• model-agnostic-meta-learning
• reptile
• prototypical-networks
• matching-networks
• relation-networks
• few-shot-learning
• zero-shot-learning
• one-shot-learning
• transfer-learning
• domain-adaptation
• multi-task-learning
• continual-learning
• catastrophic-forgetting
• elastic-weight-consolidation
• progressive-neural-networks
• packnet

Distributed Training

• distributed-training
• data-parallelism
• model-parallelism
• pipeline-parallelism
• tensor-parallelism
• parameter-servers
• allreduce
• gradient-compression
• federated-learning
• decentralized-training
• asynchronous-training
• synchronous-training
• horovod
• deepspeed
• fairscale

Model Efficiency & Compression

Model Compression

• model-compression
• knowledge-distillation
• teacher-student-models
• self-distillation
• online-distillation
• feature-distillation
• attention-distillation
• pruning
• structured-pruning
• unstructured-pruning
• magnitude-pruning
• gradual-pruning
• lottery-ticket-hypothesis
• snip
• grasp
• quantization
• post-training-quantization
• quantization-aware-training
• binary-neural-networks
• ternary-neural-networks
• mixed-precision-training
• fp16
• bfloat16
• int8
• int4
• dynamic-quantization
• static-quantization

Efficient Architectures

• efficient-architectures
• mobilenets
• efficientnets
• squeezenet
• shufflenet
• ghostnet
• regnet
• neural-architecture-search
• differentiable-nas
• evolutionary-nas
• progressive-nas
• efficient-nas
• once-for-all
• supernets

Parameter-Efficient Methods

• parameter-efficient-fine-tuning
• adapters
• lora (Low-Rank Adaptation)
• qlora
• adalora
• compacter
• prefix-tuning
• p-tuning
• prompt-tuning
• soft-prompts
• bitfit
• side-tuning

Memory Optimization

• memory-optimization
• gradient-checkpointing
• activation-checkpointing
• memory-efficient-attention
• flash-attention
• memory-efficient-transformers
• gradient-accumulation
• zero-optimizer
• cpu-offloading
• model-sharding

Application Domains

Computer Vision

• computer-vision
• image-classification
• object-detection
• yolo
• rcnn
• faster-rcnn
• mask-rcnn
• ssd
• retinanet
• centernet
• detr
• semantic-segmentation
• instance-segmentation
• panoptic-segmentation
• image-segmentation
• u-net
• deeplab
• pspnet
• fcn
• pose-estimation
• human-pose-estimation
• hand-pose-estimation
• facial-landmark-detection
• face-recognition
• face-detection
• face-verification
• facial-expression-recognition
• age-estimation
• gender-classification
• emotion-recognition
• action-recognition
• activity-recognition
• video-understanding
• video-classification
• temporal-action-localization
• video-object-detection
• video-segmentation
• optical-flow
• motion-estimation
• tracking
• multi-object-tracking
• single-object-tracking
• re-identification
• person-re-identification
• vehicle-re-identification

Medical Imaging

• medical-imaging
• medical-image-analysis
• radiology
• pathology
• histopathology
• ct-scan-analysis
• mri-analysis
• x-ray-analysis
• ultrasound-analysis
• mammography
• dermatology
• ophthalmology
• retinal-imaging
• medical-image-segmentation
• organ-segmentation
• tumor-detection
• lesion-detection
• medical-diagnosis
• computer-aided-diagnosis

3D Vision

• 3d-vision
• 3d-reconstruction
• stereo-vision
• structure-from-motion
• slam (Simultaneous Localization and Mapping)
• visual-slam
• 3d-object-detection
• 3d-segmentation
• point-cloud-processing
• pointnet
• voxel-networks
• mesh-processing
• neural-radiance-fields
• nerf
• 3d-generation
• 3d-synthesis
• view-synthesis
• novel-view-synthesis
• depth-estimation
• monocular-depth-estimation
• stereo-depth-estimation

Image Generation

• image-generation
• text-to-image
• image-to-image
• conditional-image-generation
• unconditional-image-generation
• style-transfer
• neural-style-transfer
• fast-style-transfer
• arbitrary-style-transfer
• image-editing
• inpainting
• outpainting
• super-resolution
• image-enhancement
• denoising
• deblurring
• colorization
• image-restoration
• image-synthesis
• photorealistic-rendering

Natural Language Processing

• natural-language-processing
• nlp
• text-processing
• tokenization
• word-segmentation
• sentence-segmentation
• part-of-speech-tagging
• named-entity-recognition
• relation-extraction
• information-extraction
• dependency-parsing
• constituency-parsing
• semantic-parsing
• semantic-role-labeling
• word-sense-disambiguation
• coreference-resolution
• text-classification
• document-classification
• sentiment-analysis
• emotion-detection
• topic-modeling
• text-clustering
• text-similarity
• semantic-similarity
• paraphrase-detection
• textual-entailment
• natural-language-inference
• question-answering
• reading-comprehension
• machine-comprehension
• extractive-qa
• abstractive-qa
• open-domain-qa
• knowledge-based-qa
• visual-question-answering

Text Generation

• text-generation
• language-modeling
• text-completion
• creative-writing
• story-generation
• poetry-generation
• dialogue-generation
• chatbots
• conversational-ai
• machine-translation
• neural-machine-translation
• multilingual-translation
• zero-shot-translation
• document-translation
• simultaneous-translation
• text-summarization
• extractive-summarization
• abstractive-summarization
• multi-document-summarization
• query-focused-summarization
• news-summarization
• scientific-summarization
• legal-summarization
• medical-summarization

Code & Programming

• code-generation
• program-synthesis
• code-completion
• code-translation
• code-repair
• bug-detection
• vulnerability-detection
• code-optimization
• code-summarization
• code-documentation
• api-generation
• test-generation
• programming-languages
• domain-specific-languages

Audio & Speech

• audio-processing
• speech-processing
• speech-recognition
• automatic-speech-recognition
• continuous-speech-recognition
• keyword-spotting
• voice-activity-detection
• speaker-recognition
• speaker-identification
• speaker-verification
• speaker-diarization
• emotion-recognition-speech
• speech-synthesis
• text-to-speech
• neural-vocoder
• voice-conversion
• voice-cloning
• speech-enhancement
• noise-reduction
• echo-cancellation
• audio-classification
• audio-tagging
• sound-event-detection
• acoustic-scene-classification
• music-information-retrieval
• music-generation
• music-transcription
• source-separation
• audio-synthesis
• environmental-sound-classification

Multimodal Learning

• multimodal-learning
• vision-language
• vision-and-language
• image-captioning
• visual-question-answering
• visual-dialog
• visual-reasoning
• visual-commonsense-reasoning
• visual-entailment
• cross-modal-retrieval
• image-text-matching
• video-captioning
• video-question-answering
• audio-visual-learning
• lip-reading
• visual-speech-recognition
• sound-localization
• cross-modal-generation
• text-to-video
• audio-to-visual
• multimodal-fusion
• multimodal-alignment
• multimodal-translation

Time Series & Sequential Data

• time-series-analysis
• time-series-forecasting
• time-series-classification
• time-series-clustering
• anomaly-detection
• outlier-detection
• change-point-detection
• sequential-pattern-mining
• temporal-modeling
• temporal-reasoning
• event-detection
• sequence-to-sequence
• seq2seq
• sequence-labeling
• sequence-classification
• financial-time-series
• stock-prediction
• economic-forecasting
• weather-forecasting
• demand-forecasting
• load-forecasting
• traffic-prediction

Robotics & Control

• robotics
• robot-learning
• robotic-manipulation
• robotic-grasping
• motion-planning
• path-planning
• trajectory-optimization
• robot-navigation
• simultaneous-localization-and-mapping
• visual-slam
• robotic-perception
• robot-vision
• haptic-feedback
• force-control
• impedance-control
• adaptive-control
• robust-control
• optimal-control
• model-predictive-control
• learning-from-demonstration
• imitation-learning-robotics
• sim-to-real
• domain-randomization
• embodied-ai
• embodied-navigation
• instruction-following

Autonomous Vehicles

• autonomous-vehicles
• self-driving-cars
• autonomous-navigation
• vehicle-perception
• lidar-processing
• radar-processing
• sensor-fusion
• object-detection-automotive
• pedestrian-detection
• lane-detection
• traffic-sign-recognition
• behavior-prediction
• motion-prediction
• trajectory-prediction
• path-planning-automotive
• decision-making
• end-to-end-driving

Games & Interactive Systems

• game-ai
• game-playing
• board-games
• chess-ai
• go-ai
• poker-ai
• video-game-ai
• real-time-strategy
• multi-agent-games
• procedural-content-generation
• level-generation
• interactive-storytelling
• virtual-agents
• non-player-characters
• behavior-modeling

Finance & Economics

• computational-finance
• algorithmic-trading
• quantitative-finance
• portfolio-optimization
• risk-management
• credit-scoring
• fraud-detection
• market-prediction
• economic-modeling
• econometrics
• behavioral-economics
• cryptocurrency-analysis
• blockchain-analytics

Healthcare & Medicine

• healthcare-ai
• medical-ai
• clinical-decision-support
• drug-discovery
• molecular-property-prediction
• protein-folding
• genomics
• bioinformatics
• computational-biology
• epidemiology
• public-health
• personalized-medicine
• precision-medicine
• clinical-trial-optimization
• medical-record-analysis
• electronic-health-records
• clinical-natural-language-processing

Social Sciences & Humanities

• computational-social-science
• social-network-analysis
• sentiment-analysis-social
• opinion-mining
• political-analysis
• election-prediction
• demographic-analysis
• cultural-analytics
• digital-humanities
• computational-linguistics
• psycholinguistics
• cognitive-modeling
• behavioral-modeling

Evaluation & Analysis

Evaluation Metrics

• evaluation-metrics
• classification-metrics
• accuracy
• precision
• recall
• f1-score
• auc-roc
• auc-pr
• confusion-matrix
• regression-metrics
• mean-squared-error
• mean-absolute-error
• r-squared
• pearson-correlation
• spearman-correlation
• ranking-metrics
• ndcg
• map (Mean Average Precision)
• mrr (Mean Reciprocal Rank)
• hit-rate
• coverage
• diversity-metrics
• novelty-metrics
• serendipity
• information-theoretic-metrics
• perplexity
• bleu-score
• rouge-score
• meteor-score
• cider-score
• bertscore
• bleurt
• human-evaluation
• inter-annotator-agreement
• kappa-coefficient
• fleiss-kappa
• krippendorff-alpha

Benchmarking

• benchmarking
• benchmark-datasets
• leaderboards
• standardized-evaluation
• cross-dataset-evaluation
• zero-shot-evaluation
• few-shot-evaluation
• transfer-evaluation
• domain-shift-evaluation
• out-of-distribution-evaluation
• adversarial-evaluation
• stress-testing
• worst-case-analysis

Model Analysis & Interpretability

• model-analysis
• interpretability
• explainability
• explainable-ai
• feature-importance
• attribution-methods
• gradient-based-attribution
• integrated-gradients
• saliency-maps
• grad-cam
• lime (Local Interpretable Model-agnostic Explanations)
• shap (SHapley Additive exPlanations)
• counterfactual-explanations
• adversarial-examples
• adversarial-attacks
• adversarial-defenses
• certified-defenses
• robustness-analysis
• model-probing
• representation-analysis
• activation-analysis
• neuron-analysis
• layer-analysis
• attention-analysis
• attention-visualization
• concept-activation-vectors
• network-dissection
• feature-visualization
• adversarial-training-analysis

Bias & Fairness

• bias-analysis
• algorithmic-bias
• fairness
• fairness-metrics
• demographic-parity
• equalized-odds
• equality-of-opportunity
• individual-fairness
• group-fairness
• intersectional-fairness
• bias-mitigation
• debiasing
• fair-representation-learning
• counterfactual-fairness
• causal-fairness
• disparate-impact
• protected-attributes
• sensitive-attributes

Uncertainty Quantification

• uncertainty-quantification
• epistemic-uncertainty
• aleatoric-uncertainty
• model-uncertainty
• predictive-uncertainty
• bayesian-neural-networks
• monte-carlo-dropout
• deep-ensembles
• variational-inference-deep-learning
• gaussian-processes-deep-learning
• conformal-prediction
• calibration
• reliability-diagrams
• temperature-scaling
• platt-scaling

Data & Preprocessing

Data Types & Formats

• data-types
• structured-data
• unstructured-data
• semi-structured-data
• tabular-data
• relational-data
• graph-data
• network-data
• spatial-data
• geospatial-data
• temporal-data
• spatio-temporal-data
• multimodal-data
• heterogeneous-data
• streaming-data
• batch-data
• real-time-data
• big-data
• small-data
• imbalanced-data
• missing-data
• noisy-data
• outlier-data

Data Collection & Acquisition

• data-collection
• data-acquisition
• web-scraping
• api-data-collection
• sensor-data
• iot-data
• crowdsourcing
• human-annotation
• data-labeling
• active-learning-annotation
• weak-supervision
• distant-supervision
• self-supervision
• automatic-labeling
• synthetic-data-generation
• data-simulation
• procedural-generation

Data Preprocessing & Cleaning

• data-preprocessing
• data-cleaning
• data-validation
• data-quality
• missing-value-imputation
• outlier-detection-preprocessing
• noise-reduction-preprocessing
• data-normalization
• data-standardization
• feature-scaling
• min-max-scaling
• z-score-normalization
• robust-scaling
• unit-vector-scaling
• quantile-transformation
• power-transformation
• box-cox-transformation
• yeo-johnson-transformation

Feature Engineering

• feature-engineering
• feature-extraction
• feature-selection
• feature-construction
• feature-transformation
• polynomial-features
• interaction-features
• binning
• discretization
• encoding
• one-hot-encoding
• label-encoding
• ordinal-encoding
• target-encoding
• frequency-encoding
• hash-encoding
• embedding-encoding
• text-feature-extraction
• bag-of-words
• tf-idf
• word-embeddings
• sentence-embeddings
• document-embeddings

Data Augmentation

• data-augmentation
• image-augmentation
• geometric-transformations
• photometric-transformations
• random-cropping
• random-flipping
• random-rotation
• color-jittering
• gaussian-noise
• cutout
• mixup-augmentation
• cutmix-augmentation
• autoaugment
• randaugment
• adversarial-augmentation
• text-augmentation
• synonym-replacement
• back-translation
• paraphrasing
• random-insertion
• random-deletion
• random-swap
• audio-augmentation
• time-stretching
• pitch-shifting
• noise-addition
• speed-perturbation

Dataset Management

• dataset-management
• data-versioning
• data-lineage
• data-provenance
• dataset-splitting
• train-test-split
• cross-validation
• k-fold-validation
• stratified-sampling
• bootstrap-sampling
• data-leakage
• temporal-splitting
• group-splitting
• dataset-bias
• selection-bias
• sampling-bias
• annotation-bias

Infrastructure & Systems

ML Systems Architecture

• ml-systems
• ml-infrastructure
• ml-pipelines
• ml-workflows
• model-serving
• model-deployment
• containerization
• docker
• kubernetes
• microservices
• serverless
• edge-deployment
• mobile-deployment
• web-deployment
• api-design
• rest-api
• graphql
• grpc
• model-versioning
• experiment-tracking
• model-registry
• feature-stores
• data-lakes
• data-warehouses
• etl-pipelines
• streaming-pipelines

MLOps & Production

• mlops
• devops
• continuous-integration
• continuous-deployment
• ci-cd
• model-monitoring
• performance-monitoring
• drift-detection
• data-drift
• concept-drift
• model-degradation
• a-b-testing
• canary-deployment
• blue-green-deployment
• shadow-deployment
• gradual-rollout
• rollback-strategies
• automated-retraining
• online-learning-systems
• real-time-inference
• batch-inference
• caching-strategies
• load-balancing
• auto-scaling

Compute Infrastructure

• compute-infrastructure
• cloud-computing
• aws
• azure
• google-cloud
• on-premise
• hybrid-cloud
• multi-cloud
• gpu-clusters
• tpu-clusters
• kubernetes-clusters
• slurm
• pbs
• torque
• job-scheduling
• resource-management
• spot-instances
• preemptible-instances
• cost-optimization

Storage & Databases

• storage-systems
• distributed-file-systems
• hdfs
• s3
• blob-storage
• object-storage
• nosql-databases
• mongodb
• cassandra
• dynamodb
• redis
• elasticsearch
• vector-databases
• similarity-search
• approximate-nearest-neighbors
• faiss
• annoy
• hnswlib

Networking & Communication

• networking
• distributed-systems
• message-queues
• kafka
• rabbitmq
• pub-sub
• event-driven-architecture
• consensus-algorithms
• fault-tolerance
• replication
• sharding
• load-balancing-systems
• cdn
• edge-computing

Programming & Software Engineering

Programming Languages

• programming-languages
• python
• r
• julia
• scala
• java
• c-plus-plus
• c
• javascript
• typescript
• rust
• go
• swift
• kotlin
• matlab
• octave
• mathematica
• sql
• bash
• shell-scripting

ML Frameworks & Libraries

• ml-frameworks
• deep-learning-frameworks
• tensorflow
• pytorch
• jax
• flax
• keras
• mxnet
• paddle
• caffe
• theano
• torch
• scikit-learn
• xgboost
• lightgbm
• catboost
• statsmodels
• scipy
• numpy
• pandas
• matplotlib
• seaborn
• plotly
• bokeh
• altair

Specialized Libraries

• computer-vision-libraries
• opencv
• pillow
• imageio
• skimage
• albumentations
• torchvision
• tensorflow-datasets
• nlp-libraries
• nltk
• spacy
• transformers
• sentence-transformers
• gensim
• textblob
• stanza
• allennlp
• fairseq
• huggingface
• audio-libraries
• librosa
• torchaudio
• pyaudio
• soundfile
• graph-libraries
• networkx
• dgl
• pytorch-geometric
• stellargraph

Development Tools

• development-tools
• jupyter-notebooks
• google-colab
• kaggle-kernels
• ides
• vscode
• pycharm
• spyder
• rstudio
• version-control
• git
• github
• gitlab
• bitbucket
• code-review
• testing
• unit-testing
• integration-testing
• pytest
• unittest
• debugging
• profiling
• performance-analysis
• memory-profiling
• code-optimization

Software Engineering Practices

• software-engineering
• agile-development
• scrum
• kanban
• code-quality
• code-style
• linting
• type-checking
• documentation
• api-documentation
• technical-writing
• code-reviews
• pair-programming
• test-driven-development
• behavior-driven-development
• refactoring
• design-patterns
• architecture-patterns
• clean-code
• solid-principles

Research Methodology & Academia

Research Methods

• research-methodology
• experimental-design
• hypothesis-testing
• statistical-significance
• p-values
• confidence-intervals
• effect-size
• power-analysis
• multiple-comparisons
• bonferroni-correction
• false-discovery-rate
• reproducibility
• replicability
• open-science
• reproducible-research
• research-ethics
• institutional-review-board
• informed-consent

Academic Writing & Publication

• academic-writing
• scientific-writing
• paper-structure
• literature-review
• related-work
• methodology-section
• results-section
• discussion-section
• conclusion-section
• abstract-writing
• citation-practices
• peer-review
• conference-papers
• journal-papers
• workshop-papers
• arxiv-preprints
• open-access

Conferences & Venues

• conferences
• nips / neurips
• icml
• iclr
• aaai
• ijcai
• acl
• emnlp
• naacl
• coling
• cvpr
• iccv
• eccv
• icassp
• interspeech
• kdd
• www
• sigir
• cikm
• wsdm
• recsys
• chi
• uist
• journals
• jmlr
• pami
• tacl
• nature
• science

Collaboration & Community

• collaboration
• research-collaboration
• interdisciplinary-research
• industry-academia-collaboration
• open-source
• community-contributions
• code-sharing
• model-sharing
• dataset-sharing
• research-groups
• labs
• consortiums
• workshops
• tutorials
• summer-schools
• competitions
• challenges
• hackathons

Ethics, Safety & Governance

AI Ethics

• ai-ethics
• machine-ethics
• algorithmic-accountability
• transparency
• explainable-ai-ethics
• human-values
• value-alignment
• moral-reasoning
• ethical-decision-making
• consequentialism
• deontological-ethics
• virtue-ethics
• principlism
• autonomy
• beneficence
• non-maleficence
• justice

AI Safety

• ai-safety
• ai-alignment
• reward-hacking
• specification-gaming
• mesa-optimization
• inner-alignment
• outer-alignment
• corrigibility
• value-learning
• cooperative-ai
• ai-governance
• ai-policy
• ai-regulation
• algorithmic-auditing
• impact-assessment
• risk-assessment
• safety-evaluation
• red-teaming
• adversarial-testing

Privacy & Security

• privacy
• data-privacy
• privacy-preserving-ml
• differential-privacy
• federated-learning-privacy
• homomorphic-encryption
• secure-multi-party-computation
• private-set-intersection
• membership-inference-attacks
• model-inversion-attacks
• property-inference-attacks
• reconstruction-attacks
• data-poisoning
• model-poisoning
• backdoor-attacks
• trojan-attacks
• adversarial-ml
• robust-ml
• certified-robustness
• randomized-smoothing

Societal Impact

• societal-impact
• social-implications
• economic-impact
• job-displacement
• automation
• human-ai-interaction
• human-computer-interaction
• human-in-the-loop
• augmented-intelligence
• ai-for-social-good
• sustainable-ai
• green-ai
• carbon-footprint
• energy-efficiency
• environmental-impact
• digital-divide
• accessibility
• inclusive-design
• universal-design

Legal & Regulatory

• legal-aspects
• ai-law
• intellectual-property
• copyright
• patents
• liability
• negligence
• strict-liability
• product-liability
• gdpr
• ccpa
• hipaa
• ferpa
• compliance
• audit-trails
• data-governance
• consent-management
• right-to-explanation
• right-to-be-forgotten

Specialized & Emerging Fields

Quantum Machine Learning

• quantum-machine-learning
• quantum-computing
• quantum-algorithms
• variational-quantum-eigensolver
• quantum-approximate-optimization
• quantum-neural-networks
• quantum-feature-maps
• quantum-kernels
• quantum-advantage
• quantum-supremacy
• nisq (Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum)
• quantum-error-correction
• quantum-simulation
• adiabatic-quantum-computing
• quantum-annealing

Neuromorphic Computing

• neuromorphic-computing
• spiking-neural-networks
• event-driven-computing
• neuromorphic-chips
• memristors
• synaptic-devices
• spike-timing-dependent-plasticity
• temporal-coding
• rate-coding
• population-coding
• winner-take-all
• liquid-state-machines
• reservoir-computing
• brain-inspired-computing

Bio-inspired Computing

• bio-inspired-computing
• evolutionary-algorithms
• genetic-algorithms
• genetic-programming
• evolution-strategies
• differential-evolution
• particle-swarm-optimization
• ant-colony-optimization
• bee-algorithm
• firefly-algorithm
• bat-algorithm
• cuckoo-search
• harmony-search
• artificial-immune-systems
• cellular-automata
• l-systems
• swarm-intelligence

Causal Inference & Reasoning

• causal-inference
• causal-reasoning
• causality
• causal-graphs
• directed-acyclic-graphs
• structural-causal-models
• do-calculus
• confounding
• collider-bias
• selection-bias-causal
• instrumental-variables
• regression-discontinuity
• difference-in-differences
• propensity-score-matching
• randomized-controlled-trials
• natural-experiments
• causal-discovery
• constraint-based-methods
• score-based-methods
• functional-causal-models
• counterfactual-reasoning
• potential-outcomes
• treatment-effects
• average-treatment-effect
• conditional-average-treatment-effect
• individual-treatment-effect

Symbolic AI & Knowledge Representation

• symbolic-ai
• knowledge-representation
• expert-systems
• rule-based-systems
• logic-programming
• prolog
• first-order-logic
• propositional-logic
• predicate-logic
• modal-logic
• temporal-logic
• fuzzy-logic
• description-logic
• semantic-networks
• frames
• scripts
• ontologies
• knowledge-graphs
• rdf
• owl
• sparql
• reasoning-engines
• inference-engines
• theorem-provers
• automated-reasoning
• constraint-satisfaction
• planning
• automated-planning
• strips
• hierarchical-task-networks

Hybrid AI Systems

• hybrid-ai
• neuro-symbolic
• neural-symbolic-integration
• differentiable-programming
• differentiable-neural-computers
• memory-augmented-neural-networks
• neural-module-networks
• visual-reasoning-machines
• program-synthesis
• neural-program-synthesis
• inductive-logic-programming
• probabilistic-logic-programming
• statistical-relational-learning
• lifted-inference
• markov-logic-networks
• probabilistic-soft-logic

Cognitive Computing

• cognitive-computing
• cognitive-architectures
• act-r
• soar
• clarion
• cognitive-modeling
• working-memory
• long-term-memory
• episodic-memory
• semantic-memory
• procedural-memory
• attention-mechanisms-cognitive
• executive-control
• metacognition
• theory-of-mind
• common-sense-reasoning
• analogical-reasoning
• case-based-reasoning
• spatial-reasoning
• temporal-reasoning

Edge AI & Mobile Computing

• edge-ai
• edge-computing
• mobile-ai
• iot-ai
• fog-computing
• federated-edge-learning
• on-device-learning
• neural-processing-units
• mobile-gpus
• arm-processors
• power-efficient-computing
• battery-aware-computing
• thermal-management
• real-time-constraints
• latency-optimization
• bandwidth-optimization
• compression-for-edge
• pruning-for-edge
• quantization-for-edge

Automated Machine Learning

• automated-machine-learning
• automl
• neural-architecture-search
• hyperparameter-optimization
• bayesian-optimization
• genetic-algorithm-optimization
• random-search
• grid-search
• multi-objective-optimization-automl
• automated-feature-engineering
• automated-data-preprocessing
• automated-model-selection
• meta-learning-automl
• transfer-learning-automl
• few-shot-automl
• progressive-search
• early-stopping-nas
• one-shot-nas
• differentiable-nas
• evolutionary-nas

Domain-Specific Applications

Scientific Computing

• scientific-computing
• computational-physics
• computational-chemistry
• computational-biology
• computational-neuroscience
• computational-materials-science
• computational-fluid-dynamics
• finite-element-methods
• molecular-dynamics
• monte-carlo-methods
• ab-initio-calculations
• density-functional-theory
• quantum-chemistry
• protein-structure-prediction
• drug-design
• virtual-screening
• cheminformatics
• bioinformatics
• phylogenetics
• genome-assembly
• gene-expression-analysis
• systems-biology

Engineering Applications

• engineering-applications
• computer-aided-design
• finite-element-analysis
• optimization-design
• topology-optimization
• structural-optimization
• multidisciplinary-design-optimization
• control-systems
• signal-processing
• digital-signal-processing
• image-processing
• radar-signal-processing
• sonar-signal-processing
• communications
• wireless-communications
• network-optimization
• resource-allocation
• scheduling
• logistics
• supply-chain-optimization
• manufacturing
• quality-control
• predictive-maintenance
• condition-monitoring
• fault-detection
• anomaly-detection-industrial

Environmental & Climate Science

• environmental-science
• climate-modeling
• weather-prediction
• atmospheric-modeling
• ocean-modeling
• carbon-cycle-modeling
• ecosystem-modeling
• biodiversity-modeling
• conservation-biology
• remote-sensing
• satellite-imagery
• hyperspectral-imaging
• environmental-monitoring
• pollution-modeling
• natural-disaster-prediction
• wildfire-prediction
• flood-prediction
• earthquake-prediction
• hurricane-tracking
• drought-prediction

Agriculture & Food Science

• precision-agriculture
• smart-farming
• crop-monitoring
• yield-prediction
• disease-detection-crops
• pest-detection
• soil-analysis
• irrigation-optimization
• livestock-monitoring
• food-quality-assessment
• food-safety
• supply-chain-agriculture
• sustainable-agriculture
• vertical-farming
• hydroponics
• aquaponics

Transportation & Logistics

• transportation
• intelligent-transportation-systems
• traffic-management
• route-optimization
• vehicle-routing
• fleet-management
• public-transportation
• ride-sharing
• logistics-optimization
• warehouse-management
• inventory-management
• demand-forecasting-supply-chain
• last-mile-delivery
• drone-delivery
• maritime-shipping
• aviation
• air-traffic-control

Energy & Utilities

• energy-systems
• smart-grid
• load-forecasting
• demand-response
• renewable-energy
• solar-forecasting
• wind-forecasting
• energy-storage
• battery-management
• power-system-optimization
• grid-stability
• fault-detection-power-systems
• energy-efficiency
• building-energy-management
• smart-buildings
• hvac-optimization
• lighting-control
• water-management
• wastewater-treatment
• leak-detection

Security & Cybersecurity

• cybersecurity
• network-security
• intrusion-detection
• malware-detection
• phishing-detection
• spam-detection
• fraud-detection-cybersecurity
• behavioral-analysis-security
• anomaly-detection-security
• threat-intelligence
• vulnerability-assessment
• penetration-testing
• security-information-event-management
• digital-forensics
• cryptography
• cryptanalysis
• steganography
• watermarking-security
• biometric-authentication
• facial-recognition-security
• iris-recognition
• fingerprint-recognition
• voice-recognition-security

Entertainment & Media

• entertainment-technology
• game-development
• procedural-content-generation-games
• ai-npcs
• dynamic-difficulty-adjustment
• player-modeling
• recommendation-systems-entertainment
• content-recommendation
• music-recommendation
• movie-recommendation
• news-recommendation
• personalization-media
• content-creation
• automated-journalism
• sports-analytics
• performance-analysis-sports
• talent-scouting
• broadcasting
• content-moderation
• copyright-detection
• deepfake-detection
• synthetic-media-detection

Usage Guidelines & Best Practices

Tag Selection Strategy

1. Multi-dimensional tagging: Select tags from multiple categories

   • Architecture: transformer, diffusion
   • Domain: computer-vision, text-to-image
   • Method: self-attention, denoising
   • Evaluation: human-evaluation, fid-score

2. Hierarchical consistency: Use both general and specific tags

   • General: deep-learning, generative-models
   • Specific: latent-diffusion-models, stable-diffusion

3. Research phase tagging:

   • theoretical-analysis, empirical-study, ablation-study
   • proof-of-concept, large-scale-experiments, production-deployment

4. Contribution type:

   • novel-architecture, improved-training, new-dataset
   • benchmarking, survey, position-paper

5. Computational aspects:

   • computational-efficiency, memory-optimization, distributed-training
   • real-time-inference, edge-deployment, hardware-acceleration

Tag Evolution & Maintenance

• Version control: Track when new tags are added
• Deprecation: Mark outdated tags and provide alternatives
• Merging: Combine similar tags when appropriate
• tag-v1.0, tag-v2.0 for major taxonomy updates

Search & Discovery Patterns

• Temporal queries: recent-advances-2024, historical-development
• Cross-domain: vision-language, audio-visual, multimodal
• Problem-solution: few-shot-learning + meta-learning
• Comparison studies: comparative-analysis, empirical-comparison

This exhaustive taxonomy covers every major field, subfield, and technical detail in machine learning, from the lowest-level matrix operations to the highest-level societal implications. Use it as a comprehensive reference for creating a robust, scalable tagging system that can grow with the rapidly evolving ML landscape.